All birds can fly. Penguins are birds. Is it valid to conclude that penguins can fly?

• A. No
• B. Sometimes
• C. Yes
• D. Cannot be determined

Answer: (C)

This question tests how a universal rule applies to a member of a group. If all members of a category have a property, then any individual who belongs to that category also has that property. Here, the rule says all birds can fly, and penguins are birds. Therefore, penguins fall under the same rule and can fly according to the given statements. It’s a straightforward deduction: a general statement applied to a specific instance yields that instance with the stated property. Keep in mind that this reflects the logical structure of the premises, not real-world biology where penguins don’t fly.